Nursing Foundation - Positioning and Body Mechanics Complete Guide Notes

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Positioning and Body Mechanics: Complete Nursing Notes

Positioning and Body Mechanics are essential components of safe nursing practice. Correct positioning promotes comfort, maintains body alignment, prevents complications, improves respiratory function, supports circulation, protects skin integrity and helps healthcare professionals perform patient-care activities safely.

These detailed notes cover principles of body mechanics, anatomical alignment, common patient positions, indications, contraindications, positioning procedures, transfer techniques, lifting principles, pressure injury prevention, fall prevention, ergonomics and nursing responsibilities.

These notes are useful for BSc Nursing, GNM, ANM, NORCET, NCLEX, nursing entrance examinations and clinical practice.

1. Introduction

Patients may spend prolonged periods in bed because of illness, injury, surgery, neurological impairment or reduced mobility. Improper positioning can lead to pain, impaired ventilation, pressure injuries, contractures, nerve compression, circulatory problems and falls.

Nurses therefore need to understand how to position patients according to their physiological condition, treatment requirements, level of consciousness, mobility, comfort and risk factors.

At the same time, nurses must protect their own musculoskeletal health. Proper body mechanics and ergonomic movement reduce unnecessary strain while lifting, repositioning, transferring or assisting patients.

2. Definition

Positioning: Positioning is the deliberate placement of a patient in a specific body position to promote comfort, safety, physiological function, treatment effectiveness and prevention of complications.

Body Mechanics: Body mechanics refers to the coordinated and efficient use of the body, including posture, balance, alignment and movement, during physical activities.

3. Objectives of Patient Positioning

  • Maintain proper body alignment.
  • Promote comfort and relaxation.
  • Improve ventilation and oxygenation when indicated.
  • Promote circulation.
  • Reduce pressure over vulnerable body areas.
  • Prevent pressure injuries.
  • Prevent contractures and deformities.
  • Facilitate nursing procedures.
  • Promote drainage when clinically indicated.
  • Improve access to the treatment area.
  • Support safe feeding and aspiration-risk management.
  • Facilitate diagnostic and surgical procedures.
  • Reduce the risk of falls and injury.
  • Maintain dignity and privacy.

4. Body Mechanics

Body mechanics means using the body efficiently during movement. It is especially important for nurses because patient handling may involve pushing, pulling, repositioning, transferring and assisting patients with limited mobility.

Major Components

  • Body alignment
  • Balance
  • Base of support
  • Centre of gravity
  • Muscle coordination
  • Controlled movement
  • Use of mechanical assistance when appropriate

5. Principles of Body Mechanics

1. Maintain a Wide Base of Support

Keep the feet comfortably apart to improve stability. A wider base generally provides better balance during patient movement.

2. Keep the Centre of Gravity Low

Bend at the hips and knees rather than bending excessively at the waist when appropriate and safe.

3. Maintain Proper Alignment

Keep the head, shoulders, spine and pelvis aligned as much as possible during movement.

4. Keep the Load Close to the Body

When handling an object or assisting a patient, keeping the load close reduces the mechanical stress on the back.

5. Avoid Twisting

Turn the whole body by moving the feet instead of twisting the trunk while carrying or moving a load.

6. Use Large Muscle Groups

Use the stronger muscles of the legs and hips rather than relying primarily on the back.

7. Push Rather Than Pull When Appropriate

When conditions permit, pushing may provide better control and body mechanics than pulling.

8. Avoid Unnecessary Lifting

Whenever possible, use repositioning aids, transfer devices or additional assistance instead of manually lifting a patient.

9. Coordinate With the Team

For patients requiring more than one caregiver, communicate clearly before starting the movement.

10. Use Smooth, Controlled Movements

Sudden jerking movements can cause injury to both patient and healthcare worker.

6. Body Alignment

Body alignment refers to the relationship of body parts to one another. Good alignment supports balance, comfort, mobility and physiological function.

Signs of Good Alignment

  • Head and neck are supported and aligned.
  • Shoulders are relaxed.
  • Spine is maintained in a comfortable neutral position.
  • Pelvis is appropriately aligned.
  • Joints are supported.
  • Pressure is distributed appropriately.
  • Extremities are positioned according to the patient's condition.
Clinical Tip: After positioning, always reassess comfort, skin, circulation, sensation, respiratory status and the patient's ability to tolerate the position.

7. Common Nursing Positions

Position Basic Description Common Uses
Supine Lying flat on the back General examination, rest, selected procedures
Prone Lying on the abdomen Selected respiratory and surgical situations
Lateral Lying on one side Pressure redistribution, comfort, selected procedures
Sims' Modified lateral/prone position Rectal procedures, enemas and selected examinations
Fowler's Head of bed elevated Respiratory support, feeding and comfort
Orthopneic Sitting and leaning forward May assist breathing in some patients
Trendelenburg Head lower than feet Selected procedures; use only when clinically indicated
Lithotomy Supine with hips and knees flexed and legs supported Gynecological and urological procedures

8. Supine Position

In the supine position, the patient lies on the back with the face directed upward.

Common Uses

  • General physical assessment.
  • Rest and selected therapeutic procedures.
  • Some surgical procedures.
  • Assessment of anterior body structures.

Nursing Considerations

  • Support the head and neck appropriately.
  • Assess pressure points.
  • Avoid prolonged pressure on vulnerable areas.
  • Monitor patients at risk of respiratory compromise.
  • Maintain proper limb alignment.
Safety: Some patients may have increased aspiration or respiratory risk when lying flat. Position should be individualized according to clinical condition.

9. Prone Position

In the prone position, the patient lies on the abdomen with the head turned to one side or supported using an appropriate device.

Uses

  • Selected respiratory conditions under appropriate clinical supervision.
  • Selected spinal or posterior procedures.
  • Inspection and care of the posterior body surface.
  • Pressure redistribution when clinically appropriate.

Precautions

  • Assess airway and respiratory status.
  • Protect the eyes from pressure.
  • Protect the face and ears.
  • Check pressure areas regularly.
  • Ensure tubes, drains and lines are not compressed or displaced.
  • Use adequate staff and equipment for patients who cannot reposition independently.

10. Lateral Position

In the lateral position, the patient lies on one side. Pillows or positioning devices may be used to support the head, back, arms and legs.

Advantages

  • Can redistribute pressure away from the sacral area.
  • May improve comfort.
  • Can facilitate some respiratory and nursing procedures.
  • Useful for selected patients who cannot tolerate supine positioning.

Nursing Care

  • Support the head and neck.
  • Place appropriate support between knees when required.
  • Protect dependent shoulder and hip.
  • Assess skin and circulation.
  • Keep the patient stable and prevent rolling or falling.

11. Sims' Position

Sims' position is a modified lateral position in which the patient is partly prone, commonly with the upper leg flexed more than the lower leg.

Common Uses

  • Rectal examinations.
  • Administration of enemas.
  • Some rectal procedures.
  • Selected unconscious or reduced-consciousness patients when clinically appropriate.
Exam Point: Sims' position is classically associated with rectal procedures and enemas.

12. Fowler's Position

Fowler's position involves elevating the head and upper trunk of the patient. The exact angle varies according to the clinical situation and local protocol.

Common Uses

  • Promoting comfort in patients with breathing difficulty.
  • Feeding and oral care.
  • Improving upper-body positioning.
  • Selected neurological and cardiac situations as prescribed.

Types

Type General Description
Low Fowler's Lower degree of head elevation.
Semi-Fowler's Moderate elevation, commonly around 30–45 degrees.
Fowler's Greater elevation, commonly around 45–60 degrees.
High Fowler's High elevation, commonly around 60–90 degrees.

Angles are approximate teaching ranges and may vary according to clinical purpose, patient tolerance and institutional protocol.

13. Semi-Fowler's Position

Semi-Fowler's position generally refers to elevating the head of the bed to approximately 30–45 degrees.

Uses

  • Comfort.
  • Feeding.
  • Respiratory support.
  • Postoperative care when ordered or appropriate.
  • Reduction of aspiration risk in selected situations.

14. Orthopneic Position

In the orthopneic position, the patient usually sits upright and leans forward, often resting the arms on a bedside table or another stable support.

Uses

  • May improve comfort in patients experiencing dyspnea.
  • May facilitate accessory muscle use during breathing.
  • Commonly seen in patients who naturally adopt a forward-leaning posture during respiratory distress.
Clinical Point: If a patient is severely breathless, do not force a rigid position. Support the position that improves breathing while rapidly assessing and treating the underlying cause.

15. Trendelenburg Position

In the Trendelenburg position, the patient's body is positioned with the head lower than the feet.

Important Point

Trendelenburg positioning should not be treated as a routine intervention for every hypotensive patient. Its use depends on the clinical indication, patient condition and current institutional or procedural guidance.

Possible Uses

  • Selected surgical or procedural applications.
  • Specific clinical situations where prescribed.
  • Certain procedural access techniques.
Caution: It may adversely affect respiratory mechanics and intracranial, ocular or cardiovascular physiology in susceptible patients. Always follow the clinical indication and institutional protocol.

16. Reverse Trendelenburg Position

Reverse Trendelenburg places the head higher than the feet while the body remains relatively straight.

Potential Uses

  • Selected upper abdominal procedures.
  • Some gastrointestinal and surgical applications.
  • May assist comfort in selected patients.
  • May be used according to procedure-specific requirements.

17. Lithotomy Position

Lithotomy position is a supine position in which the hips and knees are flexed and the legs are supported in stirrups or appropriate leg supports.

Common Uses

  • Gynecological examinations.
  • Gynecological surgery.
  • Selected urological procedures.
  • Perineal and rectal procedures.

Important Nursing Precautions

  • Protect pressure points.
  • Ensure adequate padding.
  • Move both legs together when positioning or repositioning as appropriate.
  • Prevent excessive hip flexion or rotation.
  • Assess circulation and neurological status.
  • Be alert to pressure or nerve injury.

18. Dorsal Recumbent Position

In the dorsal recumbent position, the patient lies on the back with the knees flexed and feet supported on the bed.

Uses

  • Abdominal assessment.
  • Perineal care.
  • Selected procedures.
  • Comfort for some patients.

19. Knee-Chest Position

In the knee-chest position, the patient supports the body on the knees and chest or may use an adapted procedural version under supervision.

Uses

  • Selected rectal examinations.
  • Selected spinal or procedural examinations.
  • Specific diagnostic procedures as prescribed.

This position may be physically demanding and should be performed only when clinically appropriate and with adequate support.

20. Log-Roll Technique

The log-roll technique is used to turn a patient while maintaining alignment of the head, neck and trunk as a single unit. It is particularly important when spinal alignment must be protected.

Basic Steps

  1. Explain the procedure to the patient.
  2. Assess the patient's condition and movement restrictions.
  3. Arrange adequate staff and equipment.
  4. Adjust the bed to a safe working height.
  5. Position staff appropriately on both sides as required.
  6. Maintain alignment of the head, neck and spine.
  7. Coordinate the movement on a clear count.
  8. Turn the patient as one unit.
  9. Reassess tubes, drains, lines and pressure areas.
  10. Ensure the patient is comfortable and safe after repositioning.
Remember: Do not independently improvise spinal precautions. Follow the prescribed immobilization and transfer protocol.

21. Moving and Repositioning Patients

Before Movement

  • Assess mobility level.
  • Assess consciousness and ability to follow instructions.
  • Check pain level.
  • Check for fractures, surgical restrictions or spinal precautions.
  • Check IV lines, drains, catheters and other devices.
  • Explain the procedure.
  • Obtain assistance when required.
  • Lock bed wheels.
  • Adjust bed height appropriately.
  • Use appropriate equipment.

After Movement

  • Reassess vital signs if clinically indicated.
  • Assess pain and comfort.
  • Check skin and pressure areas.
  • Check circulation and sensation when relevant.
  • Check tubes, lines and drains.
  • Ensure call bell is accessible.
  • Document significant repositioning or patient response according to policy.

22. Patient Transfer Techniques

Patient transfer means moving a patient from one surface or location to another, such as bed to wheelchair, bed to stretcher or chair to bed.

Common Transfer Methods

  • Bed-to-chair transfer.
  • Bed-to-wheelchair transfer.
  • Bed-to-stretcher transfer.
  • Assisted standing transfer.
  • Slide-board transfer when appropriate.
  • Mechanical lift transfer when indicated.

General Transfer Sequence

  1. Assess the patient's mobility and weight-bearing ability.
  2. Explain the procedure.
  3. Apply appropriate footwear or non-slip support.
  4. Position the receiving equipment correctly.
  5. Lock wheels.
  6. Use a gait belt when appropriate and according to policy.
  7. Ask the patient to participate as much as safely possible.
  8. Use coordinated movement.
  9. Never attempt to manually lift a patient beyond safe capability.
  10. Reassess the patient after transfer.

23. Assistive Devices

Device Purpose Important Point
Gait Belt Provides controlled assistance during ambulation or transfers. Use according to patient condition and institutional policy.
Wheelchair Provides mobility for patients unable to walk safely. Lock brakes before transfer.
Walker Provides broad support during ambulation. Correct height and technique are essential.
Cane Provides additional support during walking. Proper fitting and instruction are required.
Slide Board Assists lateral transfer between surfaces. Requires appropriate patient assessment and training.
Mechanical Lift Assists transfer of patients with significant mobility limitations. Use trained staff and appropriate sling/device.
Draw Sheet Helps reposition patients in bed. Prefer coordinated team movement and friction-reducing methods.

24. Positioning and Pressure Injury Prevention

Prolonged pressure, shear, friction and moisture can contribute to skin and tissue damage. Positioning is therefore an important component of pressure injury prevention.

Common Pressure Areas

  • Occiput
  • Scapulae
  • Elbows
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
  • Greater trochanters
  • Knees
  • Ankles
  • Heels
  • Toes

Nursing Measures

  • Perform regular skin assessment.
  • Reposition according to individualized risk and care plan.
  • Use pressure-redistributing surfaces when indicated.
  • Keep skin clean and appropriately moisturized.
  • Manage moisture and incontinence.
  • Minimize friction and shear.
  • Use lifting/repositioning aids where appropriate.
  • Ensure adequate nutrition and hydration assessment.
Important: There is no single universal repositioning interval suitable for every patient. Frequency should be individualized according to mobility, skin condition, tissue tolerance, clinical status and the care plan.

25. Positioning in Special Conditions

Patient With Respiratory Distress

  • Allow the patient to adopt a position that facilitates breathing.
  • Upright or forward-leaning positions may improve comfort in many patients.
  • Monitor respiratory rate, effort, oxygen saturation and mental status.
  • Provide oxygen therapy when prescribed or indicated by protocol.
  • Do not delay emergency assessment in severe respiratory distress.

Unconscious Patient

  • Prioritize airway protection.
  • Assess breathing and circulation.
  • Use an appropriate recovery/lateral position when indicated and spinal injury is not suspected.
  • Monitor aspiration risk.
  • Maintain airway equipment readiness.

Patient With Suspected Spinal Injury

  • Maintain spinal alignment according to emergency protocol.
  • Avoid unnecessary movement.
  • Use adequate personnel for movement.
  • Use prescribed immobilization equipment.
  • Follow trauma and institutional protocols.

Postoperative Patient

  • Follow surgeon/procedure-specific restrictions.
  • Assess pain before repositioning.
  • Protect surgical sites and drains.
  • Monitor vital signs and respiratory status.
  • Promote safe mobilization when appropriate.

Pregnant Patient

  • Position according to gestational age and clinical condition.
  • Avoid prolonged flat supine positioning when it causes maternal symptoms or compromises circulation.
  • Use lateral positioning when clinically appropriate.
  • Follow obstetric guidance for specific complications.

26. Positioning During Procedures and Surgery

Surgical positioning is performed to provide adequate access to the operative site while protecting the patient from pressure, nerve, musculoskeletal and respiratory complications.

Key Principles

  • Confirm patient identity and planned procedure.
  • Verify positioning requirements.
  • Protect pressure points.
  • Maintain appropriate alignment.
  • Avoid excessive joint extension, flexion or rotation.
  • Protect nerves from prolonged pressure.
  • Ensure adequate padding.
  • Secure the patient appropriately.
  • Check all tubes, lines and drains.
  • Reassess circulation and pressure areas.

27. Nursing Responsibilities

Before Positioning

  • Assess patient's condition.
  • Assess mobility and functional status.
  • Assess pain.
  • Check medical orders and restrictions.
  • Explain the procedure.
  • Provide privacy.
  • Prepare equipment.
  • Obtain assistance when necessary.

During Positioning

  • Maintain body alignment.
  • Use safe body mechanics.
  • Protect lines, drains and catheters.
  • Prevent falls.
  • Protect pressure areas.
  • Communicate with the patient and team.

After Positioning

  • Check comfort.
  • Assess skin.
  • Assess circulation and sensation where relevant.
  • Reassess respiratory status if positioning was performed for respiratory reasons.
  • Ensure safety devices are appropriately applied.
  • Keep the call bell accessible.
  • Document according to institutional policy.

28. Safety Precautions

  • Always lock bed and wheelchair wheels before transfers.
  • Never leave a high-fall-risk patient unattended during transfer.
  • Use adequate staff for dependent patients.
  • Do not manually lift patients beyond safe capacity.
  • Use mechanical lifting equipment when indicated.
  • Keep the environment free of obstacles.
  • Use non-slip footwear where appropriate.
  • Maintain privacy and dignity.
  • Secure lines, tubes and drains before movement.
  • Reassess the patient after every major repositioning.

29. Positioning Assessment Sequence in All Situations

A systematic assessment sequence helps the nurse select and maintain the safest position for the patient.

Step 1 — Assess the Patient

Check consciousness, mobility, pain, respiratory status, circulation, neurological status and ability to cooperate.

Step 2 — Identify the Clinical Goal

Ask why the patient needs positioning: comfort, examination, procedure, breathing, feeding, pressure redistribution, drainage or mobility.

Step 3 — Check Restrictions

Look for spinal precautions, fractures, postoperative restrictions, weight-bearing limitations and other clinical orders.

Step 4 — Prepare the Environment

Lock wheels, adjust bed height, remove obstacles and arrange equipment.

Step 5 — Explain and Communicate

Explain the movement to the patient and coordinate with other caregivers.

Step 6 — Position Safely

Maintain alignment, protect pressure points and avoid unnecessary twisting or pulling.

Step 7 — Check Tubes and Devices

Ensure IV lines, oxygen tubing, catheters, drains and monitoring devices remain patent and correctly positioned.

Step 8 — Reassess

Reassess comfort, respiratory status, circulation, sensation, skin and overall tolerance.

Step 9 — Maintain Safety

Ensure the bed is safe, call bell is accessible and appropriate fall prevention measures are in place.

Step 10 — Document

Record relevant positioning, patient response and significant findings according to institutional documentation policy.

30. Important Exam Points

  • Supine: Patient lies on the back.
  • Prone: Patient lies on the abdomen.
  • Lateral: Patient lies on one side.
  • Sims': Commonly associated with rectal procedures and enemas.
  • Fowler's: Head and upper body are elevated.
  • Semi-Fowler's: Usually approximately 30–45° elevation.
  • High Fowler's: Usually approximately 60–90° elevation.
  • Orthopneic: Upright, often leaning forward to support breathing.
  • Lithotomy: Legs are supported in a flexed position for selected procedures.
  • Trendelenburg: Head lower than feet.
  • Reverse Trendelenburg: Head higher than feet.
  • Log rolling: Used when maintaining spinal alignment is important.
  • Wide base of support: Improves stability.
  • Avoid twisting: Turn the whole body instead.
  • Keep loads close: Reduces mechanical stress.
  • Use mechanical aids: When manual handling is unsafe.

31. Current Clinical Practice Updates

Modern patient-handling practice increasingly emphasizes safe patient handling, individualized repositioning and the use of assistive technology rather than routine manual lifting.

  • Patient positioning should be individualized rather than based only on a fixed schedule.
  • Risk assessment should consider mobility, skin condition, tissue tolerance and overall clinical status.
  • Pressure-redistributing surfaces may be used for patients at increased risk.
  • Healthcare workers should minimize unnecessary manual lifting.
  • Mechanical lifts, slide sheets and other handling aids may reduce physical strain when correctly used.
  • Respiratory positioning should be based on the patient's clinical condition and response.
  • Fall prevention should be integrated into every transfer and repositioning plan.
  • Clinical protocols and manufacturer instructions should be followed for specialized equipment.
Important: Exact positioning protocols can vary according to patient diagnosis, hospital policy, surgical procedure and current clinical guidance. Always follow the latest institutional protocol for patient care.

32. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What is positioning in nursing?

Positioning is placing a patient in an appropriate body position to promote comfort, safety, physiological function, treatment and prevention of complications.

2. What is body mechanics?

Body mechanics is the efficient use of posture, balance, alignment and movement during physical activities.

3. What is the main purpose of body mechanics?

The main purpose is to perform movement safely and efficiently while reducing unnecessary stress and injury to the healthcare worker and patient.

4. Which position is commonly used for enemas?

Sims' position is commonly used for administering enemas.

5. Which position is useful for many patients with breathing difficulty?

An upright position such as Fowler's or an individualized forward-leaning position may improve respiratory comfort in many patients.

6. What is log rolling?

Log rolling is a technique in which the head, neck and trunk are moved together as one unit to help maintain spinal alignment.

7. Why should nurses avoid twisting while lifting?

Twisting while handling a load increases mechanical stress on the spine and can increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury.

8. What should be checked after repositioning a patient?

Check comfort, skin, circulation, sensation when relevant, respiratory status, alignment and the condition of tubes, lines and drains.

9. What is the importance of a wide base of support?

A wider base of support improves stability and balance during movement.

10. Is there one fixed repositioning schedule for every patient?

No. Repositioning should be individualized according to patient risk, mobility, skin condition, tissue tolerance and clinical status.

33. 10 MCQs for Practice

Q1. Which position is commonly associated with administration of an enema?

A. Supine
B. Sims' position
C. High Fowler's
D. Prone

Q2. In which position does the patient lie on the abdomen?

A. Supine
B. Lateral
C. Prone
D. Dorsal recumbent

Q3. Which principle of body mechanics improves stability?

A. Narrowing the base of support
B. Twisting the trunk
C. Widening the base of support
D. Keeping the feet together

Q4. Which position generally has the head higher than the feet?

A. Reverse Trendelenburg
B. Trendelenburg
C. Prone
D. Sims'

Q5. Which position is commonly used to facilitate comfort in many patients with dyspnea?

A. Upright/Fowler's position
B. Flat supine position for all patients
C. Knee-chest position
D. Lithotomy position

Q6. What is the main purpose of the log-roll technique?

A. Increase spinal rotation
B. Maintain alignment of the body during turning
C. Increase pressure on the sacrum
D. Improve appetite

Q7. Which action demonstrates good body mechanics?

A. Twisting while lifting
B. Keeping the load far from the body
C. Using a wide base of support
D. Bending only from the waist

Q8. Which position is commonly used for gynecological procedures?

A. Lithotomy
B. Prone
C. Sims'
D. Trendelenburg only

Q9. Which is an important nursing action after repositioning?

A. Ignore the patient's response
B. Check skin, comfort and safety
C. Remove all monitoring devices
D. Leave the call bell out of reach

Q10. Which statement about patient handling is most appropriate?

A. All patients should be manually lifted
B. Mechanical aids should never be used
C. Patient handling should be individualized and appropriate equipment used when indicated
D. Body mechanics are unnecessary for nurses

34. Answer Key

  1. B — Sims' position
  2. C — Prone
  3. C — Widening the base of support
  4. A — Reverse Trendelenburg
  5. A — Upright/Fowler's position
  6. B — Maintain alignment of the body during turning
  7. C — Using a wide base of support
  8. A — Lithotomy
  9. B — Check skin, comfort and safety
  10. C — Patient handling should be individualized and appropriate equipment used when indicated

35. Quick Revision: Positioning & Body Mechanics

Topic Remember
Supine Back position
Prone Abdomen position
Lateral Side-lying
Sims' Commonly used for enema/rectal procedures
Fowler's Head and trunk elevated
Orthopneic Upright and leaning forward
Trendelenburg Head lower than feet
Reverse Trendelenburg Head higher than feet
Lithotomy Legs supported for selected pelvic/perineal procedures
Log Roll Move body as a unit while protecting alignment
Body Mechanics Wide base, alignment, controlled movement, avoid twisting

36. Conclusion

Positioning and body mechanics are fundamental nursing skills that directly affect patient safety, comfort, mobility and quality of care. A skilled nurse does not simply place a patient in a position; the nurse assesses the clinical objective, evaluates risks, selects an appropriate position, protects the patient during movement and reassesses the response.

Safe patient handling is equally important for healthcare professionals. Maintaining proper body mechanics, using adequate assistance and using appropriate patient handling equipment can help reduce preventable injuries.

For examinations such as NORCET, NCLEX, BSc Nursing and GNM, focus particularly on the indications of common positions, body mechanics principles, pressure injury prevention, log rolling and patient transfer safety.

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